Hair Color Chemistry How Hair Coloring Works

Hair color is a matter of chemistry. The first safe commercial hair coloring product was created in 1909 by French chemist Eugene Schuller, using the chemical paraphenylenediamine. Hair coloring is very popular today, with over 75% of women coloring their hair and a growing percentage of men following suit. How does hair coloring work? Its the result of a series of chemical reactions between the molecules in hair and pigments, as well as peroxide and ammonia. What Is Hair? Hair is mainly keratin, the same protein found in skin and fingernails. The natural color of hair depends on the ratio and quantities of two other proteins—eumelanin and phaeomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown to black hair shades while phaeomelanin is responsible for golden blond, ginger, and red shades. The absence of either type of melanin produces white/gray hair. Natural Hair Colorants People have been coloring their hair for thousands of years using plants and minerals. Some of these natural agents contain pigments (e.g., henna, black walnut shells) while others contain natural bleaching agents or cause reactions that change the color of hair (e.g., vinegar). Natural pigments generally work by coating the hair shaft with color. Some natural colorants last through several shampoos, but they arent necessarily safer or more gentle than modern formulations. Its difficult to get consistent results using natural colorants, and some people are allergic to the ingredients. Temporary Hair Color Temporary or semi-permanent hair colors may deposit acidic dyes onto the outside of the hair shaft or may consist of small pigment molecules that can slip inside the hair shaft, using a small amount of peroxide or none at all. In some cases, a collection of several colorant molecules enters the hair to form a larger complex inside the hair shaft. Shampooing will eventually dislodge temporary hair color. These products dont contain ammonia, meaning the hair shaft isnt opened up during processing and the hairs natural color is retained once the product washes out. Hair Lightening Bleach is used to lighten peoples hair. The bleach reacts with the melanin in the hair, removing the color through an irreversible chemical reaction. The bleach oxidizes the melanin molecule. The melanin is still present, but the oxidized molecule is colorless. However, bleached hair tends to have a pale yellow tint. The yellow color is the natural color of keratin, the structural protein in hair. Also, bleach reacts more readily with the dark eumelanin pigment than with the phaeomelanin, so some gold or red residual color may remain after lightening. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the most common lightening agents. The peroxide is used in an alkaline solution, which opens the hair shaft to allow the peroxide to react with the melanin. Permanent Hair Color The outer layer of the hair shaft, its cuticle, must be opened before permanent color can be deposited into the hair. Once the cuticle is open, the dye reacts with the inner portion of the hair, the cortex, to deposit or remove the color. Most permanent hair coloring products use a two-step process (usually occurring simultaneously) which first removes the original color of the hair and then deposits a new color. Its essentially the same process as lightening except a colorant is then bonded to the hair shaft. Ammonia is the alkaline chemical that opens the cuticle and allows the hair color to penetrate the cortex of the hair. It also acts as a catalyst when the permanent hair color comes together with the peroxide. Peroxide is used as the developer or oxidizing agent. The developer removes pre-existing color. Peroxide breaks chemical bonds in the hair, releasing sulfur, which accounts for the characteristic odor of hair coloring products. As the melanin is decolorized, a new permane nt color is bonded to the hair cortex. Various types of alcohols and conditioners may also be present in hair coloring products. The conditioners close the cuticle after coloring to seal in and protect the new color.

A Sea Weed Used As Solidifying Agent Of Bacteria Those Are...

Glossary Agar- A sea weed used as solidifying agent in microbial culture. Bacillus: A group of bacteria those are rod-shaped. Bacteria: Includes prokaryotes that are not members of the domain Archaea. Biochemical reactions: Study of microbially mediated chemical transformations of substrate, e.g. carbon, nitrogen or sulfur cycling. Coccus (plural: cocci): Rounded or spherical shaped bacteria. Colony: An aggregate of bacterial cells on a solid medium that is visible to the naked eye. Definitive identification: A valid identification of a microorganism to genus and species. Dichotomy (Adjective-Dichotomous: a separation into two divisions that differ widely from or contradict each other Differential medium: A medium which is used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different colors or shapes of colonies. Enzyme: A protein functioning as a catalyst in living organisms, which promotes specific reactions or groups of reactions. Genus (plural genera): The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species. Gram-negative: Bacterium (prokaryotic cell) whose cell wall stains pink (negative) in Gram’s stain. Gram-positive: Bacterium (prokaryotic cell) whose cell wall stains purple (positive) in Gram stain. Inoculation: adding microbes to a culture using aseptic techniques Incubation: growing organisms under controlled environment Medium (plural media): Any liquid or solid materials which is prepared for the growth,

Sinfulness of the Puritans in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

Sinfulness of the Puritans in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne brings to The Scarlet Letter a notion of sin and guilt that seems to stem from his experience and knowledge of Puritan theology and religious practice. In The Custom House Hawthorne communicates his apprehension for the persecutory impulses of his ancestors who have mingled their earthly substance with the soil, until no small portion of it must necessarily be akin to the moral frame wherewith, for a little while, I walk the streets (1309). It is evident that his attempt to distance himself from those figures of his past suggests that he criticizes the cold and inflexible Calvinistic theology of the Puritans, which was cruelly carried out by his†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Hawthorne introduces the prison, which stands prominently amidst the Puritan community, as a metaphor for Puritan cold and inflexible theology that holds believers captive: Before this ugly edifice...was a grass-plot, much overgrown with burdock, pigwig, apple-peru, and such unsightly vegetation, which evidently found something congenial in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilized society, a prison. (1331) This metaphor invites readers to ask: who guards this prison? -a question that Hawthorne answers as he develops the characters of Cillingworth, Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. Chillingworths unrelenting coldness represents the inflexibility of the Puritan community that guards this prison. Also, as the character that has detached his heart from his mind, Hawthorne tells us, is the biggest sinner: We are not, Hester, the worst sinners in the world...That old mans revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the sanctity of a human heart. Thou and I, Hester, never did so! (1411). Dimmesdales words are a window into Hawthornes notion of sin, which is here explored. Chillingworths first meeting with Hester, in the dark confines of the jail apartment, establishes the darkness of his persecutory spirit. This darkness is further revealed even when he tries to mask this expression with a smile; but the latter played him false,Show MoreRelatedThe Scaffold Scenes in Nathaniel Hawthrone ´s The Scarlet Letter791 Words   |  3 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is known as a psychological novel regarding humanity, sin, guilt, and a fair amount of other ambiguous concepts. One of those is the significance of the three scaffold scenes throughout the work. The scaffold scenes signify religious and moral ideas, such as sinfulness, the spiritual figures the characters each portray, and the character development achieved by public and private absolution. The first scaffold scene begins the novel. In chapters two throughRead MoreRepression In The Scarlet Letter1397 Words   |  6 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was a man who was both plagued and absorbed by the legacy of the Puritans in New England. He was related to John Hathorne, a Puritan judge during the infamous Salem Witch trials of 1692. In The Scarlet Letter, his fictional account of mid-17th century Boston presents an opportunity to examine different themes commonly associated with Puritans. Particularly the nature of sin, personal identity and the repression of natural urges are themes that appear repeatedly through the novelRead MoreReview Of The Scarlet Letter 1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfinal cast for their true character and virtues. In the novel The Scarlet Letter, the author knows the importance of â€Å"lasts† in the novel and uses the last moments of characters to explore common themes of human nature and to further develop a character. The author Nathaniel Hawt horne of The Scarlet Letter uses literary artistry, the final decisive acts of Reverend Dimmesdale, and the last exposition and the responses of the Puritan community to further explore the character of Dimmesdale to ultimatelyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Theme Analysis: Sin, Hypocrisy, and Corruption2626 Words   |  11 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Essay Prompt: How does Hawthorne develop his themes of sin, hypocrisy, and corruption in the Puritan society through the occurrences of the scarlet letter, the scaffold, the Puritans, the prison, and the forest in the story? In the world today, themes and symbolisms have played a major role in the development and presentation of past and present novels. These themes and symbolisms within a novel shape the overall story and often work hand in hand to convey its purpose and meaningRead MoreRelationship Between Society And The Individual2194 Words   |  9 Pagescapitalism, there has always been a relationship between the individual and society that is reflected in the written pieces of each time, revealing the connection between oneself and the collective spanning across the centuries. ‘The Scarlet Letter’, written in a Puritan world, and ‘Bartleby, The Scrivener’, written in capitalist America, are two key examples of literature that expose, detail and discuss the relationship between society and the individual in American history. Alexis de TocquevilleRead More Romanticism in Scarlet Letter, Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown2077 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican Romanticism in The Scarlet Letter, The Ministers Black Veil, and Young Goodman Brown      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne took elements of the European romanticism and reshaped them into a new literary form that is called American Romanticism. The American Romanticists created a form that, at first glance, seems ancient and traditional; they borrowed from classical romance, adapted pastoral themes and incorporated Gothic elements (Reuben 22). Some of the definable elements of romanticismRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1496 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone sins. This is a well-known and true fact. Whether it is lying to a peer or causing a car accident, everybody sins everyday. The early Puritans of the 16th century were strong believers in everyday sin and writers showed the Puritan way of life in their books, many of which are considered classics. Three characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter—Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Pearl—all represent a sin that is revealed through their actions or the actio ns of others. Hester Prynne’sRead MorePuritan Society Essay2110 Words   |  9 PagesPuritan Society It is difficult to draw parallels between the staunch beliefs of Puritan society in colonial America and the freedom experienced in the country today. The Puritans lived strict lives based on a literal interpretation in the Bible, and constantly emphasized a fear of God and a fear of sin. Modern society looks at this negative view of humanity as a whole as an out-dated opinion from the past, believing that, Now people know better than that. However, faults in human natureRead More The Dual Nature of Man in Young Goodman Brown Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesan allegory, the journey into the woods is associated with the Puritan concept of justification. The Puritans viewed justification, or the means by which one receives the salvation of Christ, as a psychological journey into the hell (or evil) of the self (Soler). Goodman Brown fails to complete his process of individuation because he cannot come to terms with the dual Apollonian and Dionysian nature of his being. The Puritans believed that to be justified, one must let go of his worldly dependenceRead MoreThe Ministers Black Veil By Nathaniel Hawthorne1846 Words   |  8 PagesElizabeth a clear answer to wearing the veil, which forces Elizabeth to believe he’s covering up a committed sin by wearing the veil. Throughout Hawthorne’s work there were different actions that his characters portray. These characters are identified as puritans who fought inner demons between lies and their sanity. In other opinions one may refute that Hawthorne’s purpose of hiding Mr. Hooper under the veil is just his way of dealing with what he is going through. â€Å"Hooper does not search for deliverance

The progressive era was a time... free essay sample

The progressive era was a time of political and social change.The American people came together in unity to overcome some of the corruption in the government system, most progressives being middle class fought for gender equality and equal rights, Some of the accomplishments include the regulation of child workers in factories and sweatshops, regulating the sale of alcohol and determining whether to let immigrants become citizens or stop immigration as a whole. More importantly, though, reformers sought to stop the corrupted views of the government that were going on at the time, not only to improve working condition but to take power from the government and instead giving more control and say to the people. Reformers succeeded in changing major things,like giving women the right to vote, replacing the city council, introducement of the political machine, and the passing of other amendments that were very important in the 19th and 20th century , some which include the 17th amendment which was ratified to counter the corruption in the Senate, and the 18th amendment that prohibited the selling and manufacturing of all types of alcohol. Other laws were also passed to protect the environment and to raise awareness to pollution levels. The Progressives were sick and tired of the inefficiency and injustices of the previous age, the gilded age, where the rich and powerful took advantage over the economy and the government. They were determined to completely change and reform the stubbornness of the state and improve the connections between what the people wanted and what the government did. A lot of the things enacted, would change things nationally, including the income tax (16th amendment) which would be a tax imposed on people that varied with their respective income and profit yearly, the most being companies and business.In summary, Congress would have the power to lay down and collect taxes depending on incomes, from multiple types of sources. Representatives and direct taxes are appointed in the respective states which depends on their population numbers, Congress also has the power to pay debts and provide for the common defense and welfare of the united states as long as everything is uniform throughout all states. Also, directly electing senators(17th amendment), would establish the popular election of senators by the people of the united states. It also changes the procedure of taking jobs i n the Senate, known as vacancies, allowing the governors to make temporary adjustments until another election can be held. Another change the people were fighting for was prohibition, of alcoholic beverages by making the production, transportation and the selling of liquor illegal, There were multiple ways they used to enforce this, one of them being the Volstead act. Eventually, the eighteenth amendment was repealed in 1933 by the twenty-first amendment, being ratified on December 5th, the twenty-first amendment is the only amendment to the constitution made just for repealing a prior amendment.Womens suffrage was also used to stop fraud and corruption through the nineteenth amendment. This amendment gave women the voting right like everyone else, in 1920 this amendment was ratified and created a domino effect on other countries that also gave women more power before world war II. By doing this, the nineteenth amendment overruled minor v happersett which was a court case in missouri that denied specifically females the right to vote,even the supreme court went against it and stated that the fourteenth amendment did not give females that liberty, and insisted on upholding and refusing to register a woman as a lawful voter because it held that the constitutionally protected privileges of citizenship did not include the right to vote meaning that o nly men were allowed to vote in all history of the united states until 1910 when the womens movements started. At the time the movements for change had started, magazines were a very popular source of media, some even had subscriptions of over a hundred thousand people . Thanks to the rapid expansion of advertising, there was a ton of coverage over the latest news about corruption in politics, big business and the biggest companies. The journalists who wrote for the popular magazines just to expose the political scandals were known as muckrakers, which investigated on their own and even reported on other social issues like poverty, and working conditions such as child labor. Thanks to these types of journalists, like ray baker, George Creel, and Lincoln Steffens brought to the public much frauds that were involved in the selling of medical treatments and medicine. Upton Sinclair wrote a novel called The Jungle which talked about the horrific way meat was packaged and shipped.All over the country, mainly middle class women, got together on behalf of reforms during this era. Using the idea of municipal housekeeping women were able to push some reforms including Prohibition, womens suffrage, child saving and public health. These women also made clubs and groups locally which led to the 1890 general federation of womens clubs, which was a federation of over a thousand clubs in the united states which helped promote civic improvements through services like volunteering, and although most of the activities and projects of the federation were independent in local communities the federation maintained over 100,000 members.During the progressive era, the number of rich families climbed rapidly. From barely around 100 millionaires in the 1860s to over five thousand in 1890 and sixteen thousand in 1916. Many followed the views of Andrew Carnegies which were that the rich owed a duty to society, that called for philanthropic giving money to colleges, medical establishments like hospitals and to further medical research, but also to libraries, museums and even to religious and social places to better the environment overall.During the progressive era, a lot of middle class voters, teachers and professors, and reformers were also hostile towards the political machines. It started in detroit michigan during the 1890s where a series of reforms were introduced in urban america, normally created to decrease pollution, inefficiency and corruption. When mayor Hazen pingree started the reform many nearby cities quickly caught on and set up offices to study the budgets and structures of the local government. Many reformers took the lead in the most important cities like los angeles, cleveland, new jersey, and many more, especially in the western states. During the progressive era, there were a lot of changes to the population as well. In 1920 half the overall population lived in the countryside rather than in cities, but even they were affected by the progressive reforms believe it or not. Most of the changes improved the lives of the people in rural areas, by 1910 over half of all farmers were subscribed or followed a farm related newspaper or magazine, where editors from urban areas gave the latest news and advances to increase the efficiency when it applied to farming, although life in the country was improving, there was still a big demand for better forms of transportation, the railroad system was already fully complete but there was still a need for better roads to other places. With the popularization of the car in 1910 there were a lot of urgent efforts to upgrade the dirt roads and modernize them to more fitting streets and highways made to fit the modern cars instead of roads for horses and wagons. In 1916 around 2.4 million miles of dirt roads in rural areas were improved with rading and gravel, while 3000 miles were given a full change into quality surfaces.Another big change in the rural areas during the progressive era were schools. Most of the schools w ere poorly funded and the teachers / supervisors werent official or at a professional level, usually they were young local women who were unmarried. The progressives had the solution to modernize schools through making the children attend modern schools where they could be taught by actual professional teachers who were certified by the states and colleges while being monitored by the state. The countrymen didnt agree with it at first because of all the extra spending but later realized that it would be more beneficial for their children to get a proper education than to work underage. As a result many other programs were starting to be created aimed at the youth, including 4-h, a program set up by the united states department of agriculture created to aid the youth by teaching them how to become active and productive citizens while instructing them in useful life skills like farming, animal care, and even carpentry. Other groups include boys and girl scouts and even country fairs where prizes were given for the most productive agricultural practices and were later amplified to reach more audiences. In the south, black communities came up with their own progressive reformative projects. Many included upgrading schools, churches and expanding business opportunities